Bretagne France free essay sample

Bretagne is found along Frances northern shore. Bretagne is also called Brittany and sometimes referred to as little Britain. It is a land of enchantment and wonders. It features rugged coastlines with some of the worlds most breathtaking views. It features more than 4,000 castles and medieval homes. Its an ideal destination for water sports enthusiasts, lovers of fine cuisine and seafood, and anyone fascinated by legends and history. The attractions, weather and scenery, and the festivals are what attract people the most. This region is full of numerous world-class museums and historic attractions. One of the best places to visit while in Brittany is Oceanopolis. It features 50 aquariums from tropical and polar species. The cathedral of St. Pierre and St. Paul is one of the last Gothic French cathedrals. The chateau de Combourg is a beautiful castle surrounded by greenery and water. The Grand Phare or Great Lighthouse is also a great place to visit, being 300 feet high. We will write a custom essay sample on Bretagne France or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And finally the musee de la Faience is devoted to the famous pottery. Other fun things to do are outdoor water sports, including sailing, kayaking, surfing and scuba diving. Spa seawater treatments are also available for relaxing purposes. Being close to the ocean, the weather is fairly nice and warm year round. Rain occurs regularly which keeps the countryside green and wooded. Although it rains often, cloudless days are common and sunny in Brittany. In Brittany a common expression and response to people complaining about the rain is En Bretagne, il ne pleut que sur les cons, which literally translates as In Brittany, it only rains on the idiots. This means that if you don’t like Brittany, you should leave. Brittany has many festivals and events. They reflect Brittany’s culture and energetic music and dance. Some cultural festivals include the festival de Cornouaille, which is a festival that displays Brittany’s cultural diversity. Les Filets Bleus celebrates fishing traditions and the Festival du Film Britanniqu previews British films in France. Music festivals are also popular in France. Astropolis is a techno music themed festival celebrated in July. La Route du Rock plays pop and rock music. Les Transmusicales is known for showing brand new acts for undiscovered bands. They also have a festival all about activities dealing with the sea. The Fetes Maritimes de Brest is a sailing event that takes place every four years. The next race happens in July of 2012. La Route du Rhum is a transatlantic yacht race which also takes place every four years. The next race will be in November of 2014. Bretagne is a beautiful, fascinating mix of spectacular coastlines, ancient towns, magical islands and inland woods. With so many attractions and activities you will never get bored. The scenery and weather is unforgettably amazing. The festivals attract many tourists and French people to the area.

The Chrysanthemums Summary and Analysis

The Chrysanthemums Summary and Analysis The Chrysanthemums Summary and Analysis NOTE! The following paper is just an example written by one of our staff writers. If you need an original summary of The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck feel free to place your order. John Steinbeck awakens us to an interesting account of The Chrysanthemums, a story set in Salinas, California. Steinbeck’s creativity and imagination take us through the tales and the atmosphere of his work. The Chrysanthemums, by the use of three primary characters, Henry Allen, his wife Elisa Allen and the Tinker allow the readers to follow-up on a fascinating family life set inside a cool and productive neighborhood. Thesis This essay undertakes to examine John Steinbeck’s work The Chrysanthemums with close references to published literature and sources. The paper will examine the theme, and related elements like the plot, setting, point-of-view and symbols related to the main characters Henry Allen, Elisa and the Tinker. The Chrysanthemums Analysis The author sets his book in winter, Salinas, California. Here, the weather is chilly and the fog extends to cover the hillside. Looking at Henry’s house, we can appreciate its setting and its clean compound. What is more, on Henry’s foothill ranch, there is a pile of hay and the orchards are anxiously waiting for the rain (Steinbeck 19). The brief description of Henry’s neighborhood extends to find his wife in the flower garden. Elisa Allen is busy working on her flower garden adorned in a gardening outfit, a man’s hat and shoes. The masculine outfit is completed by gloves at hand and an apron covering her dress. As she works away on the Chrysanthemums, she keeps on stealing occasional glances at her husband who is talking with two stranger men at a distance. The proceedings in John Steinbeck’s The Chrysanthemums continue to capture the lengthened conversation between Henry and the two strangers. Shortly afterwards, the conversation is over and Henry approaches her wife Elisa who is busy working on the chrysanthemums. Eager to learn what the conversation was all about, Henry breaks the good news to her wife. The businessmen had come to discuss a deal with Henry. Henry states ‘’the men were from the Western Meat Company and had just bought thirty steers for a modest sum’’ (Steinbeck, 27). Henry is surprised and proposes to Elisa a celebration night out. However, before they leave, the tinker (a man who repairs pans and pots) enters. His entry is met with the sniffing of the dog. The Chrysanthemums Theme The Chrysanthemums succeeds to project the feelings of women to strong men. The conversation between Elisa and Tinker allows the readers to see the nature of attraction inherent to Elisa. Indeed, he states, ‘’Elisa is charmed when the tinker says he likes following good weather.’’ More specifically, this is so and especially when Tinker expresses his interest to the chrysanthemums which look explicit and blossom. From the novel, The Chrysanthemums theme of women and femininity is well displayed and especially when you look at the behavior associated with Henry’s wife. Her hardworking nature and charisma to work in the garden reflect the nature of chores associated with females. What is more, the attraction displayed by Elisa to Tinker in their conversation projects how easy women are lured into romance and affection. Relationships and family life is another primary theme of The Chrysanthemums that John Updike projects in his work. From the start to the finish, we appreciate Elisa is lonely and isolated, although beautiful. The author allows us to embark into family life and how women are rendered into solitude, both emotionally and sexually. What is more, he artistically and creatively criticizes this solitude because of Elisa’s attraction to another man other than Henry. This is a clear indication that marriages easily collapse due to lack of company by married couples. Elisa is disinterested as seen in her response to proposals made by her husband. The author states, ‘’Henry emerges and recommends Elisa’s nice, lovely and strong looks. However, Elisa inquires what he meant by strong’’ (Steinbeck 15). The conversation displays the bridge that exists between the two. The Chrysanthemums Summary: Plot and Setting The plot of The Chrysanthemums reflects a productive and striving location. The fact that Elisa and her husband practice farming and manage to sell thirty steers to the meat company is a clear indication of a prosperous geographic setting. The plot of the story successfully depicts the conventional family life. Although Elisa is a beautiful and young woman, ‘’Elisa Allen is a 35-year old woman who lives with her husband,’’ (Steinbeck 28) she doesn’t have a child. The above quotation means that the author awakens the readers to the realities surrounding family life. The plot of the story continues to capture Elisa’s attraction and affection to men. Indeed, Steinbeck notes, ‘’Elisa says that the stars are hot and lovely – and at night they are driven into your body’’ (Steinbeck 31). The message driven by Elisa, although symbolic, reflects love and affection to Tinker. What is more, the fact that Elisa compares h erself to the pot and pan repairer means that she appreciates his work and respects him. ‘’I wish women would live the life you do. Elisa watches the Tinker’s wagon drive away and she whispers to herself’’ (Steinbeck 39). The Chrysanthemums Symbolism The primary symbols used in the story The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck are the Salinas valley and the chrysanthemums. Chrysanthemums represent Elisa and the unsatisfied life she is living. The characters of the chrysanthemums are healthy, thriving and lovely which is an accurate representation of Elisa. We see how she keeps the flowerbeds clean and the house very tidy and orderly. The Tinker’s notice of the chrysanthemums brightens her as if she were the one noticed. This makes her offer both herself and the chrysanthemums to him, but he tosses them both aside and completely ignores them. Tinker’s rejection of the chrysanthemums is an accurate reflection of how society has rejected the women society as mere housekeepers and gardeners. Just like Elisa, the flowers are of little importance and unobjectionable as they are only meant for decorations and add no value to the busy world of men (Tamy 18). The Salinas valley is a symbol of the emotional state of Elisa. The story starts describing the valley with the writer likening it to the pot with a fog lid. The description of the valley as a pot closed shows that Elisa is trapped in a world where she feels tired and exhausted to be in. The valley does not receive sunshine at all, despite it being nearby. Sunshine is a symbol of happiness and this shows that Elisa lives and associates with happy people like Henry and Tinker but she is not. The description of the December weather being chilly, and no hope of brightening describe how Elisa feels. She is compared to a fallow field that is reticent yet it can grow if given space (Tamy 21). Tinker’s dog, he is with, when he meets Elisha, is an accurate reflection of his character. The dog describes him as mysterious, unknown and even a dangerous individual. His rough appearance and flirtatious character make Elisa get attracted to him. He laughs in a cunning way, which may be because he wants Elisa to give him a job; he senses the emotional attraction between them or he is merely amused. It is very difficult to understand this man, which may be one of the rationales why Elisa got attracted to him in the first place. In addition, he takes advantage of the attraction, which in the end he is proved to be a senseless, uncaring, and unemotional man when he throws away the chrysanthemums Elisa gives him. When Tinker was leaving, drawn in her emotions, Elisa mentions, â€Å"That’s a bright direction. There’s a glowing there†. This clearly shows us that Elisa is attracted to the man, both physical and his lifestyle. He goes wherever he wants, sleeps under the moon and the star and is answerable to nobody; the lifestyle Elisa admires the most. She is tempted to beg a man to go with him, promising him her best. Apart from making love together, she needs to share in his adventures that she likes the most. However, he turns her down with a vague answer of his life being boring and lonely for a woman like Elisa. The closing of her eyes halfway shows us that she is envisaging what it would be like to live in the sphere of the Tinker (Tamy 12). Conclusion John Steinbeck makes a fascinating account by revealing the tales behind family and conventional life. By setting his work in a wet neighborhood, he manages to project the core principles and daily activities surrounding the society in highland settings. What is more, the inclusion of three characters each with a strong set of skills and different characteristics allow the story to bring the readers to reality. John Steinbeck tailors his work articulately creating imagery where necessary and making a classic transition in the use of voices and narration. The above observations and points of views surmise the analysis adding knowledge and insight into John Steinbeck’s work The Chrysanthemums. Steinbeck, John. The Chrysanthemums and Other Stories. New York, N.Y: Penguin Books, 1995. Print. Steinbeck, John. The Chrysanthemums: A Story. Concord, N.H: Harper Bros, 1937. Print. Tami, Budney. â€Å"The Chrysanthemums. New York: McGraw Hill, 2007. Print.

Issues in Management Accounting - AC313 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Issues in Management Accounting - AC313 - Essay Example There was enormous resistance to change and tighten the cost control from the engineering side in all meetings as they feared that the cost control was merely to strengthen the accounting regime in the company. In 1980, Volvo representatives visited Renault plant to see their practices as their practices were taken as industry’s benchmarks. Volvo was facing very high costs in the initial stages of product development. Renault had competence in cost control and thus was taken as benchmark for the cost control drive by Volvo. There was a rapid change in the business environment that required Volvo’s management to implement cost management and control system. The business environment forced Volvo to be pro-active in their costing and to make their systems online to as to increase their efficiency in the intra-departmental and cross-functional accounting and costing. For cost effectiveness in the future, Volvo realized that they needed their cost control activities to be redirected to product development rather than manufacturing and production. This would reduce their costs in the initial stages of product development. The company used to be cost and budget driven whereas the need of the hour was to be customer oriented and delivering value to customers at minimum cost. Modular design and common parts were few major changes that Volvo introduced in their products. Process orientation was another major change that was being implemented in the industry. Instead of being function-oriented, organizations were moving towards process orientation. Redundant activities needed to be identified so that the processes could be streamlined and made more effective and cost efficient. Cost targets had become more critical and important. Timely formulation of realistic cost targets saved them huge investments which were not feasible and/or not affordable for their business. Calculations needed to be done in

Systems Analyst Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Systems Analyst - Essay Example He is the person in charge of and responsible for designing the novel system and applications to be used in meeting the objectives of the business (Shelly 2012, 43). In several organizations, the system analyst does the actual coding of proposed applications for the enterprise. He implements the designs proposed and supervises their operations towards achieving the business goals. In order to perform the demanding tasks effectively, a system analyst is required to possess various skills. Foremost, the analyst needs a wide knowledge of the enterprise he works for. He should have a profound familiarity of how the business operates. In addition, it is fundamental to have a superior comprehension of how businesses in the field operate; particularly competitors. He should have good interpersonal skills in order to enable him get information he requires for viable systems. All the information an analyst requires are fished from colleagues and other stakeholders. In order to get reliable information, he must be able to create a good rapport and correlate with others. Finally, a system analyst must have a reputable ability to solve problems (Shelly 2012, 32). He should be able to think quickly to solve challenging situations and find alternatives to dilemmas. Most important, an analyst must have a deep understanding of changes in the ICT world. He should be able to a dapt easily to the dynamics of the technological field and remain

Social Justice in India Essay Example for Free

Social Justice in India Essay An Inquiry into the Conditions of Social Justice in India [Note: 1 . This study of Justice concentrates on conditions of social Justice in India and will not include general issues of criminal Justice; the proposal refers mainly to social justice and popular ideas of Justice, as linked to, but distinct from rights. 2. This proposal is built on the insights drawn from the previous research programme on autonomy, and thus while this is a new proposal it is also a follow up on the earlier exercise. Similar to the preceding one, it has research, publications, and dialogue segments. 3. The current research plan has developed through a series of onsultations; its enunciation here is thus a product of the dialogic approach of our research work. 4. This statement is divided into three sections (a) Description of the theme, and its context; (b) approach of the study; (c) activities proposed ] A. The Context and the Theme of Social Justice 1 . Though the theme of Justice has occupied a high ground in philosophical discussions since the beginning of political philosophy, yet in terms of democracy and popular politics its exact meaning and implications have been nebulous, one of the reasons being the fact that Justice in reality is a meeting ground of many ideas, ituations, concepts, expectations, mechanisms, and practices. Many things intersect to form the context of social Justice ethical ideas of the people, laws, the evolving nature of claims, and the pattern of collective claim making politics, institutional issues relating to the delivery mechanisms of Justice, ideas about rights and entitlements, ideas among the citizens about responsibility of the rulers towards them, plus many situations generating many conditions of Justice. All these make the social context of Justice, also the social form and social site of Justice. By social Justice we therefore indicate as a beginning: (i) social context of Justice, (it) social content of justice, and (iii) social sites of Justice. We also indicate that as social, there can be many contexts, contents, and sites. 2. The point of plurality made in the last sentence is significant, because notions and ideas, claims and practices, and mechanisms of Justice have depended on varying situations. Thus we can witness various forms of social Justice in reality social claim as Justice, attainment and restoration of dignity as Justice, end to discrimination as ustice, retribution as Justice, conciliation of claims as Justice, social idea of minimal justice, positive discrimination as Justice, protection of the vulnerable sections of society as Justice, and finally autonomy as Justice. Social Justice can and does have strong gender implications. 3. Situations of marginality produce ideas of Justice. Lack of access to means of representation / resources / survival means such as education, health, etc. produces marginality. Similarly displacement creates marginal situations. Likewise minority status engenders marginal existence. Hereditary discriminations have the same ffect. Gender has the same role. These marginal situations have one thing in common they speak of power matrix. And they produce specific calls for Justice. Different marginalities generate different expectations and forms of Justice thus gender Justice, Justice for the indigenous people, Justice for those denied of dignity death or for people living below poverty line all of which mean Justice for those who cannot access the mechanisms for Justice. The thing to note here is that while constitution has provisions of Justice in its various articles and clauses, unlike in the ase of rights Justice does not have a compact formulation, even though the Preamble and earlier the Objectives Resolutions of the Constituent Assembly had justice as one of the founding provisions. 4. One of the implications of this manifold context is that while the issue of Justice is studied only or mostly closely in terms of governance, its delivery mechanisms, and the various governmental forms of Justice, social Justice as distinct and as the other of governmental Justice emerges as a distinct category of social reality to be inquired and appreciated in its ow n right. Such a study will have to concentrate on the forms f social Justice indicated above, the impact of public interest litigation as an avenue of ensuring social Justice and as a process contributing to the idea of social Justice, the Justiciability of social Justice, and the significance of the particular relation between rights, capabilities, claims, and law in terms of the idea of social Justice equally significantly, in terms of making this idea a reality. Finally, the significance of this has to be sought in the realisation of the notion of responsibility responsibility of the State, its various organs, various governmental institutions, and their national nd international commitments to provide Justice. In sum, the context of the research can be summed up as one that provides the background to the interrelation between Justice and society. 5. Given the significance of the idea of Justice in the Indian national movement and in its associated ideas and thoughts, and the wide demand for Justice from each of the underprivileged sections of the Indian society today, and the recurring incidents of communities assuming the responsibility of delivering direct Justice in the background of perceived delays and determining their own norms of Justice, the proposed inquiry assumes significance. During the national movement there were several articulations of the idea of Justice; similarly in the constituent assembly proceedings competing and complementary ideas of Justice emerged. Likewise in the writings of several thinkers Justice has been discussed from various angles. Apart from intellectual, theoretical, and literary exercises, other discursive and institutional exercises have been marked by popular thoughts and ideas. Various manifestos, leaflets, pamphlets, popular writings, sketches, songs, newspaper articles, speeches, etc. have been the other sites where ideas of Justice at the popular level have been rticulated. 6. Social Justice is an arena only partly covered by law; rest is covered by social and political ideas and practices. Ethical ideas about honour, right, respect, autonomy, claim, share, revenge, and shame also play significant role in determining mores of justice. A sense of entitlements also has a role to play. Justice thus propels variety of forms from social-economic rights, to the forms of Justiciability, forms of redistribution of wealth, the form of due process, subjective experiences of Justice, and as distinct from these experiences the objective tests of Justice. In this context ne has to note the parts played by social movements and social mobilisations in determining the popular concepts of Justice. . One can already sense in the preceding description of the theme of inquiry the approach likely to underlie the proposed programme References have been made already to the historical milieu of nationalist ideas, communitarian ideas, and the constituent assembly deliberations. We need to recall in this context that in colonial India, the idea of social Justice had formed the core of a politic al movement, as in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra; and after an interregnum Justice again became the ore element of many movements and formations. Since mid 70s and early 80s of the last century one can observe in the country a significant trend in governance and the social and economic (SE) rights scenario in India. It was during this time that the government started shifting its focus from political declarations on civil and political rights to programmes, policies, legislations and Acts for delivering basic services to its citizens. In a way it began with 20-point programme of the Government in the mid-70s. At the same time due to a crisis in legitimacy of the state following the Emergency (1975-77), a host of peoples movements sprang up across the country demanding rights from the state, at the same time devising alternative models for ensuring basic services. We also began witnessing from that time the ideas and practices of committed administration, known by the phrase developmental bureaucracy, and committed Judiciary, that is to say a Judiciary, whose premise is valuing ideals of social Justice. Judicial activism too emerged in that context. This historical context provides the ground for research into the process by which Justice as a social and political programme took concrete shape in the country. This historical context has also propelled citizens bodies, and peoples movements to take stock of the condition of rights, and launch campaigns at all levels to demand the right for sustainable livelihood, which includes issues of access to food, clothing, and housing and extends to the right to a dignified life with access over utilisation and control of resources. These campaigns have become significant in making the SE rights of the people a crucial item in public agenda of social Justice, and in the emergence of public demand for transparency, accountability and efficiency from the tates and direct participation of society in matters of governance. Instances of the profound expression of such campaigns, which have resulted in legislations at state and national levels on various issues are not lacking. They have raised the level of legal arguments, Judicial awareness, and the quality of constitutionalism including constitutional interpretations. All in all, an inquiry into conditions of Justice will require an investigation of the historical milieu. 2. The social Justice scenario is to be investigated in the context of two streams of entitlements: (a) sustainable livelihood, which means access to adequate means of iving, such as shelter, clothing, food, access to developmental means, employment; education, health, and resources; (b) social and political participation (enabling or empowering means), which is built on the guarantee of fundamental rights, and promotion and empowerment of the right to participation in the government, and access to all available means of Justice, and on the basis of which Justice as a political programme becomes a viable reality. We require therefore a study based on select illustrations of various issues relating to government policies on topics such as: a) the right to food and water; (b) housing, which includes resettlement and healthcare, (e) right to work, and (f) access to information and the right to communication. In short, one of the important ways in which the inquiry will proceed will be through taking stock of various forms that have occasioned the articulation of ideas of social Justice. 3. The all-important question however will be how are we to make sense of different notions and realities of Justice, which we have already noted? Governmental Justice consists of various welfare schemes, law, legal literacy, administrative forms of rbitration such as tribunals, boards, courts, public interest litigation, new legal education, plus the constitutional idea of protection of weaker sections of the society and introduction of positive discrimination. But this dominant governmental form cannot satisfy the requirements expressed in other forms of Justice, indicated above. The inquiry conducted through historical investigations into conditions of social justice, and select case studies, has to provide us an answer as to: What constitutes a just society or Just social relations? Or, how can people having conflicting interests nd values agree on principles of Justice? What constitutes in the main the world of social Justice in India? Where and how do the social-Justice-talks feature in Indian political and social discourse? People talk of lack of or inadequate access to legal justice; dalits talk of social Justice against the backdrop of discrimination, caste society and social and govt. nterventions; activists talk about how the peoples notion of social Justice is often trumped by economic rationality and growth and other powerful interest associated with them; women activists also talk about Justice in the ontext of discrimination, patriarchy and so on. For the sake of clarity then we can say that the project will be about critically examining the ways people/groups encompassing different contexts use the language of social Justice to advance their interests, to critique and to promote their values, and advance their claims in the context of their respective notions of what constitute injustices. . Thus, the inquiry will be conducted keeping its eyes on the various uses of the social Justice language in India; its multiple contexts, its myriad invocations and its varied renditions. One might say the ways in which people/groups/ activists use the social Justice language may not be coherent; may not even pass the standard set by political philosophers. But a critical examination of these usages will do an important job. As a result of the work, these discourses can become the elements of a new theoretical explanation of the dynamics of Justice and critique the existing ones. We can term thus the approach of the proposed study as part ethnographic, if it is part historical, part analytical. 5. In its analytic dimension, the study will remember that in its present form legal heory views liberty bearing provisions of a countrys basic text as negative rights, that is they do not require state resources; the actual obligation of the state is not to do something, i. e. not to subject an individual to torture or not to carry out arbitrary arrests. On the other hand, Justice bearing provisions are viewed as positive, require state resources since they are seen as obligations to do something, e. g. to provide free primary or secondary education or health care facilities. Presented in this manner, it is easy to see why states have been more receptive to implementing iberty-bearing provisions and why today the public attention is increasingly on a set are seen as benefits given by the state. They are also viewed as aspirations that the state would one day like to fulfil through a process of progressive realisation. The growing public opinion is however quite different from this perception. Justice in popular politics is seen as the congealed form of entitlements, and as a set of provisions inextricably linked to differential notions of rights and responsibilities, Since most of the governmental responses to these urgings for Justice have been uch more through executive policies, rather than through fundamental recognition of entitlements, the problem is that most of these policies operate in an ad-hoc basis. The government assumes that it knows about how to provide welfare, but ignores the fact that a welfare approach in order to be successful has to based on a consensus on the notion of Justice rather than be based on the benevolence of a mai-baap sarkar (benefactor government). The analytic dimension in this inquiry therefore has to take stock of public interest litigations in recent years fought on the terrain of justice. The process of analysing the legal dynamics of social Justice should include a study of various approaches undertaken by the government from time to time in guaranteeing Justice the welfare approach, equity in development approach, efficiency approach, empowerment approach, and the entitlements-approach. The attempt should be to find out how much these approaches have mixed with each other in activist, Juridical, and governmental discourses over the years, and have contributed to the development of the idea of Justice, which are marked by notions of (i) non-negotiability of Justice-centric provisions, (it) non-derogability of these rovisions, (iii) accommodation and harmonisation of various popular interests and claims on the basis of fairness, compensation, guarantee, Joint custodianship, and differential needs. 6. In sum, the approach of the inquiry will be part historical, part ethnographic, and part analytic. The purpose is composite consisting of the following aims: The inquiry will enormously enrich our ideas of responsibility, rights, entitlements, and claims, It will give an idea of the index of of social Justice in the light of rights and entitlements; The role of popular politics and the extent of articipation of the peoples organisations in programme and implementation of the welfare schemes towards ensuring provisions of social Justice; Debate between rights versus welfare based approaches to development; Shift in the governance agenda towards policies and programmes rather than enacting legislations, which would bestow rights on citizens; Impact of womens awareness on the Justice discourse in India; Similarly, the impact of the awareness about various marginal situations in a democracy which call for differential notions, dynamics, and institutional operations of Justice; ? The close relation between the idea of Justice and the political issue of the delivery mechanisms of Justic e; An investigation into the twin reality Justice as a strong idea in politics and Justice as practice; And therefore an investigation into two forms of social Justice Justice as a function of government, that is to say, governmental form of Justice, and Justice as a product of dialogues in contested and differential situations, that is to say, dialogic Justice. C. Activities Proposed 1 . The programme will have two segments (a) research (b) dialogues. The research . The research will produce a series of status reports on Justice, and a comprehensive volume. The volume will be based on study papers based on the researches on the following themes: a. Historical investigation into the development of the idea of Justice as a fundamental element of popular politics in the colonial time, and different intellectual discourses on Justice b. Historical investigation into the succeeding constitutional deliberations on Justice c. Ethnographies of Justice I (dalits and Justice) d. Ethnographies of Justice II (indigenous people and Justice) e. Ethnographies of ustice Ill (survival rights, property notions, and Justice) f. Ethnographies of Justice IV (women and Justice) g. Justice as legal activity a review of the history of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) h. The literary site of Justice i. Justice and injustice: who are the victims and how do they perceive? J. Social justice in form of two binaries legalities and illegalities; and governmental Justice and dialogic Justice The volume will throw light on how the idea of Justice has played its part in refashioning democratic politics its relation to the popular discourse on rights, welfare, and law. . Since the study agenda as proposed here is strongly perched on an appreciation of differential circumstances and the marginalities producing the most immanent forms of Justice, a dialogue programme on the basis of the appreciation of differences and marginalities becomes an essential part of the study agenda. Such dialogue would include conversations with and among different actors in the arena of social Justice process who are marginally situated in the world of formal politics and governance, or are actors in propelling the idea of Justice as a political programme, or are critical n shaping a new politico-juridical discourse on Justice. As has always been the CRG practice, research will be combined with dialogue, will gather strength from the latter, and must go back in terms of its inputs to the dialogic partners. This was done in the preceding programme on autonomy; it is proposed that study and dialogue will be combined again. This dialogue will focus on social movements. Thus dalit activists, activists of social Justice, lawyers, sub-divisional and tehsil-level Judges, gender rights activists, people involved in water sharing movements and other nvironmental movements will become the dialogue partners. Similarly decentralisation and Justice will become another significant theme and site for dialogue. Dialogue with victims of injustice can become one of the most significant occasions for dialogue on Justice. Dialogues on Justice A series of three dialogues on Justice was carried out by the Calcutta Research Group (CRG), in 2006 where about seventy people took part from diverse backgrounds. These dialogues were combined with public lectures in Kolkata and Darjeeling. These dialogues are also part of the CRGs research programme on social Justice in India. They have immensely contributed to the collective knowledge on the state of social justice in the country, thrown up new ideas and questions, and have shed light on how collective struggles for Justice go on in this country with or without the help of law. At a fundamental level, they have been instrumental in clarifying various notions restitution, or rights and Justice. These dialogues have also helped us in gaining knowledge about various repositories of archival material on Justice, such as popular tracts, manifestos, legal materials, other popular writings, political declarations, and eportages that tell us lot about various perceptions on Justice. Dialogue has been an integral part of the research design of CRG. Our colleagues from various institutions participating in these discussions reinforced our belief and emphasis on this procedure. To say the least, no amount of scholarly paper presentation in seminars or philosophical treatise would have clarified the plural character of Justice, the historically predicated nature of it, or its contentious character, as these dialogues have done. Our fear is that we may not have been able to do Justice to the richness of the discussions on the three occasions. Several institutions came forward to assist us in holding these three dialogues: the Ford Foundation, the Lok Niti Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, the European Union and the International IDEA. The first dialogue was held in Kolkata on 5 June 2006 on the theme of Conditions of Social Justice in India. One of the aims in convening the dialogue in Kolkata was to take note of the two trends in the literature on social Justice. Of these two, one consists of existing writings focused on formulating or analyzing some normative principles of Justice, which states and other delivering agencies ought to follow in ourse of their administrative and welfare actions. The second trend is made up of ethnographic researches, which concentrate on how people negotiate their ways through different systems of Justice customary or modern existing in society, and make their own meanings of Justice. The highlights of this of this dialogue was Identifying themes and case studies with special reference to West Bengal and eastern India, and developing an appropriate research design; understanding in this context the complex relationship between theory and ethnography; preparing a comprehensive, annotated bibliography that will include a list of texts of relevant olicies, enactments, public interest litigations and relevant legal decisions, parliamentary and legislative assembly debates and material relating to popular demands for Justice, and popular tracts on Justice and finally, identifying the institutional locations, resources and individual researches in the country particularly in West Bengal and eastern India. The second dialogue was An inquiry into the Conditions of Social Justice in India and was held in Darjeeling, on 26-28 June 2006. Continuing from where the Kolkata deliberations left, it was once again noted that situations of marginality produce deas of Justice. Lack of access to means of representation/resources/ survival means such as education, health, etc. produces marginality. Similarly displacement creates marginal situations. Likewise minority status engenders marginal existence. Hereditary discriminations have the same effect. Gender has the same role. These marginal situations have one thing in common they speak of power matrix. Many things intersect to form the context of social Justice ethical ideas of the people, laws, the evolving nature of claims, and the pattern of collective claim making politics, nstitutional issues relating to the delivery mechanisms of Justice, ideas about rights we therefore indicate as a beginning: (i) social context of Justice, social content of justice, and (iii) social sites of Justice. The third dialogue took place in Bhubaneswar, on the specific theme of Justice and Democracy in Divided Societies. It was held on 20-22 November 2006. The main objectives of the dialogue in this context were: To explore the dynamics of social divisions in contemporary South Asian societies compounded by governmental operations, which transform divisions into marginalities; To propose a possible genda of social Justice in the context of divided societies an agenda that bases itself on marginalities and can address therefore the issues of Justice in a new way; To suggest policy alternatives in terms of their bearing on democracy. The legal fiction of a homogeneous public immune from the operations of power in the society is nowhere more sharply focused than in the writings of Jurgen Habermas, Axel Honneth and their associates. As the legal fiction subsumes governmentally produced social divisions mentioned above, issues of Justice get continuously sidetracked and pushed into the background. In other words, democracies of modern times bring into play a discourse where they produce injustice without being seen as such. Thus, it is not surprising that marginalities, livelihood crises and hunger deaths do not get constituted as public agenda in societies revisited by them. A post-colonial engagement with the issue of democracy helps demystify the fiction, and thus can seek to push democracy beyond the grids of governmentality by teasing out the implications of social divisions for issues of Justice and bring them to bear on the functioning of contemporary democracies in divided societies.

Bombay :: essays research papers

The city of Bombay originally consisted of seven islands, namely Colaba, Mazagaon, Old Woman's Island, Wadala, Mahim, Parel, and Matunga-Sion. This group of islands, which have since been joined together by a series of reclamations, formed part of the kingdom of Ashoka, the famous Emperor of India. After his death, these islands passed into the hands of various Hindu rulers until 1343. In that year, the Mohammedans of Gujerat took possession and the Kings of that province of India ruled for the next two centuries. The only vestige (mark) of their dominion over these islands that remains today is the mosque at Mahim. In 1534 the Portuguese, who already possessed many important trading centers on the western coast, such as Panjim, Daman, and Diu, took Bombay by force of arms from the Mohammedans. This led to the establishment of numerous churches which were constructed in areas where the majority of people were Roman Catholics. There used to be two areas in Bombay called "Portuguese Church". However, only one church with Portuguese-style facade still remains; it is the St. Andrew's church at Bandra. The Portuguese also fortified their possession by building forts at Sion, Mahim, Bandra, and Bassien which, although in disrepair, can still be seen. They named their new possession as "Bom Baia" which in Portuguese means "Good Bay". Sir George Oxenden became the first British Governor of the islands, and was succeeded later by Mr. Gerald Aungier who made Bombay more populous by attracting Gujerati traders, Parsi ship-builders, and Muslim and Hindu manufacturers from the mainland. He fortified defenses by constructing the Bombay Castle (the Fort, since then vanished except for a small portion of the wall) and provided stability by constituting courts of law. Between 1822 and 1838, cattle from the congested fort area used to graze freely at the Camp Maidan (now called Azad Maidan), an open ground opposite the Victoria Terminus. In 1838, the British rulers introduced a 'grazing fee' which several cattle-owners could not afford. Therefore, Sir Jamshedji Jeejeebhoy spent Rs. 20,000 from his own purse for purchasing some grasslands near the seafront at Thakurdwar and saw that the starving cattle grazed without a fee in that area. In time the area became to be known as "Charni" meaning grazing. When a railway station on the BB&CI railway was constructed there it was called Charni Road. The Zoroastrian Towers of Silence on Malabar hill were built by Seth Modi Hirji Vachha in 1672.

Review on Michael Moore’s “Capitalism, a Love Story”

The way the stock market works in the world today is if there is a Stock (Piece or share of a company) that are being bought out by a lot of investors, the price of the stock will increase extraordinary high. If the stock does not get bought, the price of the stock will lower to a cheaper price. To buy the best stock that will soon be more valuable is a race as brokers try and fight to find the potential grossing stock and buy tons of them at a cheap price to later on earn tons of money as it becomes more valuable to invest and sell as the stock value increases and grosses.The stock market consists of a lot of people with different positions as an Investor is someone who commits capital in order to gain financial returns. A broker is a person who buys and sells goods or assets for others. A trader is a person who buys and sells the stock in the market. A corporate raider is an investor who buys a large number of shares in a corporation whose assets appear to be undervalued.The stock market has a lot of terms that define small things that broker/traders need to know to work in the stock market as like derivatives which are contracts between two or more parties. Other small stuff come into play as in commodities which are marketable items produced to satisfy wants or needs of the people. Dividends are payments made by a corporation to its shareholder members which are basically the portion of corporate profits paid out to stockholders.Now here are the big terms that people should be aware of to try to make it big as like Equity which is the residual claim or interest of the most junior class of investors in assets, after all liabilities are paid. Golden Parachutes are agreements that are made between a company and an employee (usually upper executive) specifying that the employee will receive certain significant benefits if employment is terminated which put a lot of CEO’s in the jackpot and have them rich for a long while.And finally, Liquidation which is the process by which a company (or part of a company) is brought to an end, and the assets and property of the company redistributed. This brings a lot of businesses down and suffers. Insider trading used all the time by brokers and traders to get ahead of the game and earn big bucks and live life. It’s a strategy that a lot of the brokers live by and use to make them successful as it’s the trading of a corporation's stock or other securities (such as bonds or stock options) by individuals with access to non-public information about the company.It brings the inside scoop about businesses to brokers to give them a chance and advantage to invest and make a lot of money before News is released to the public. Fraud is an intentional deception made for personal gain or to damage another individual. The economy can be harmed by these types of strategies as Insider trading can be used for unfair advantage for investors as it helps them show what to invest before everyone els e and BIG Bucks before anyone.Fraud is harmful as it steals money away from people that are rightfully theirs and brings people into debt with the people stealing their money come out to become very wealthy and use their stolen money on special interests and personal gains when none of that money is earned by them. So insider trading helps investors cheat the game of the stock market and fraud helps investors steal the money that is rightfully own to the people which is basically stealing money from the economy of the U. S.The SEC tries to prevent those things by for insider trading; they try to track down anyone they believe is to be involved as they obtain warrants for financial records and wiretaps, and find any other means to pursue the evidence that comes their way. If enough evidence is found to indict someone for insider trading, the individuals will be arrested and the case is handed over to a U. S. attorney. They do it because insider trading is unfair to the stock market g ame and the other investors and traders who are not involved in insider trading.For fraud, the SEC tries to prevent that by first to help educate investors to protect themselves against fraud, second, they conduct regulatory examinations to ensure that firms have robust compliance systems to prevent and detect fraud and other violations, and finally, they aggressively prosecute securities fraud, working together with criminal prosecutors. They do this because they believe that businesses should deserve this horrible incident to happen to them financially and should protect themselves from cunning con artists out there in society. Finally, about the movie Wall Street (1987)†¦..The movie â€Å"Wall street† was a really good and educational movie at some points as it was well-directed and helped showed the pros and cons of working in the stock market and how people entering that type of field should be fearless and aware of anything that is going on underground or in public and be picky on who to trust as there are a lot of â€Å"Gordon Gekko’s† in the world befriending many traders/brokers and stabbing them in the back at any moment based on their feelings/impression about them. Some key scenes in the movie were to be the â€Å"Greed is good† speech as it helped pictured an image what the U.S. is truly is and where it will be with the economy. The scene which Bud fox found out the sale of Blue-Star was pretty dramatic as it helped Bud realize how cruel and Greedy Gordon Gekko was. And another key Scene was the confrontation between Gordon and Bud after Bud found out about the sale of Blue-Star. The Movie showed that stock market is hectic and scary and people should watched their step on which path they’re going to take as they could fall into a hole anytime with either having SEC involved with it or lose a ton of money and be sent on to the streets.The stock market is a scary and hectic field to pursue a career in but if people have the brains, the charm and the look, through strategically planning and working, they can come out very successful and be at the top. But the market can always change people, physically, mentally and personality wise like once they go into the field it’s hard to get out and it sometimes changes them into a different person probably into a person with Greed to make more and more, probably a â€Å"Gordon Gekko†.